The relationship between coping appraisal, self-protection behaviors and travel intention of inbound tourists in the new normal in Can Tho city
Main Article Content
Abstract
Protection motivation theory (PMT) has been applied in multidisciplinary studies, including tourism. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between coping appraisal (self-efficacy and responsive efficacy), self-protective behavior and travel intention of inbound tourists in the context of new normal (post-Covid-19) in Can Tho city. It surveyed 315 tourists intending to visit Can Tho city under the new normal condition and used the CB-SEM structural modeling method to analyze the data. The research results show that there is a positive relationship between coping appraisal with self-protective behavior and intentions. Thereby the research shows more clearly the behavior of domestic tourists in the context of new normal (post-Covid-19), from which some governance implications are given to be utilized.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Keywords
Coping appraisal, new normal, self-protective behavior, protection motivation theory (PMT), travel intention.
References
Al-Rasheed, M. (2020). Protective Behavior against Covid-19 among the Public in Kuwait: An Examination of the Protection Motivation Theory, Trust in Government, and Sociodemographic Factors. Social Work in Public Health, 35:7, 546-556.
Arroyo-López, P., Velázquez-Martínez, J. C., & Gámez-Pérez, K. M. (2022). Past behavior as a predictor of eco-driving practices: The case of a sustained intervention in a Mexican transportation company. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 16(11), 989-1002. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2021.1959967.
Au, A. K. M., Ramasamy, B., & Yeung, M. C. H. (2005). The effects of SARS on the Hong Kong tourism industry: An empirical evaluation. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 10 (1), 85-95.
Bae, S. Y., & Chang, P.-J. (2021). The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (Covid-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards ‘untact’ tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020). Current Issues in Tourism, 24 (7), 1017-1035.
Boto-García, D., & Leoni, V. (2021). Exposure to Covid-19 and travel intentions: Evidence from Spain. Tourism Economics, 135481662199655.
Cahyanto, I., Wiblishauser, M., Pennington-Gray, L., & Schroeder, A., (2016). The dynamics of travel avoidance: The case of Ebola in the U.S. Tourism Management Perspectives, Volume 20, 195-203, ISSN 2211-9736.
Conner, M., & Norman, P. (Eds.). (2005). Predicting health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models (2nd ed.; pp. 170–222). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Defranco, A., & Morosan, C. (2017). Coping with the risk of internet connectivity in hotels: Perspectives from American consumers traveling internationally. Tourism Management, 61, 380-393.
Fennell, D. A. (2017). Towards a Model of Travel Fear. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 140-150.
Fisher, J. J., Almanza, B. A., Behnke, C., Nelson, D. C., & Neal, J. (2018). Norovirus on cruise ships: Motivation for handwashing?. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 75, 10-17.
Floyd, D.L., Prentice-dunn, S., & Rogers, R.W. (2000). A Meta-Analysis of Research on Protection Motivation Theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30: 407-429.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gebrehiwot, T., & Veen, A. V. D. (2015). Farmers prone to drought risk: why some farmers undertake farm-level risk-reduction measures while others not? Environment Management, 55:588-602.
Godovykh, M., Pizam, A., & Bahja, F. (2021). Antecedents and outcomes of health risk perceptions in tourism, following the Covid-19 pandemic. Tourism Review, 76 (4),737- 748.
Grano, C., Singh Solorzano, C., & Di Pucchio, A. (2022). Predictors of protective behaviours during the Italian Covid-19 pandemic: an application of protection motivation theory. Psychology và Health, 1-21.
Guo, Y., Xiang, H., & Wang, Y. (2023). Understanding self-protective behaviors during Covid-19 Pandemic: Integrating the theory of planned behavior and OS-OR model. Current Psychology, 1-13.
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012), An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the academy o fmarketing science, 40(3), 414-433.
Horng, J.-S., Hu, M.-L. M., Teng, C.-C. C., & Lin, L. (2014). Energy saving and carbon reduction behaviors in tourism - A perception study of Asian visitors from a protection motivation theory perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(6), 721-735.
Hung, K., & Petrick, J. F. (2012). Testing the effects of congruity, travel constraints, and self-efficacy on travel intentions: An alternative decision-making model. Tourism management, 33(4), 855-867.
Kement, U., Çavuşoğlu, S., Demirağ, B., Durmaz, Y., & Bükey, A. (2022). Effect of perception of COVID-19 and nonpharmaceutical intervention on desire and behavioral intention in touristic travels in Turkey. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, Vol. 5, No. 1, 230-249. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-07-2020-0139.
Kuo, H. I., Chen, C. C., Tseng, W. C., Ju, L.F., & Huang, B.W. (2008). Assessing impacts of SARS and Avian Flu on international tourism demand to Asia. Tourism Management, 29(5), 917-928.
Law, R. (2006). The perceived impact of risks on travel decisions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(4), 289-300.
Li, J., Nguyen, T. H. H., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2021). Understanding post-pandemic travel behaviours - China’s Golden Week. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 49, 84-88.
Liu, B., Schroeder, A., Pennington-Gray, L., & Farajat, S. A. D. (2016). Source market perceptions: How risky is Jordan to travel to?. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 5(4), 294-304.
Maddux, J. E., & Rogers, R. W. (1983). Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19(5), 469-479.
Nguyen, N. M., Pham, M. Q., & Pham, M. (2021). Public's travel intention following Covid-19 pandemic constrained: A case study in Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(8), 181-189.
Pappas, N. (2021). Covid19: Holiday intentions during a pandemic. Tourism Management, 84, June 2021, 104287.
Qiao, G., Ruan, W. J., & Pabel, A. (2022). Understanding tourists’ protection motivations when faced with overseas travel after Covid-19: The case of South Koreans travelling to China. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(10), 1588-1606.
Rather, R. A. (2021). Demystifying the effects of perceived risk and fear on customer engagement, co-creation and revisit intention during Covid-19: A protection motivation theory approach. Journal of Destination Marketing và Management, 20, 100564.
Rodriguez-Llanes, J. M., Vos, F., & Guha-Sapir, D. (2013). Measuring psychological resilience to disasters: are evidence-based indicators an achievable goal?. Environmental Health, 12(1). doi:10.1186/1476-069x-12-115.
Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Psychology Interdiplinary Applied, 91(1), 93-114.
Ruan, W., Kang, S., & Song, H. (2020). Applying protection motivation theory to understand international tourists’ behavioural intentions under the threat of air pollution: A case of Beijing, China. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(16), 2027-2041.
Ryu, K., Promsivapallop, P., Kannaovakun, P., Kim, M., & Insuwanno, P., (2023). Residents’ risk perceptions, willingness to accept international tourists, and self-protective behaviour during destination re-opening amidst the Covid-19 pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism, 26:8, 1367-1383.
Scholz, U., & Freund, A. M. (2021). Determinants of protective behaviours during a nationwide lockdown in the wake of the COVID‐19 pandemic. British Journal of Health Psychology, 26(3), 935-957.
Schroeder, A., Pennington-Gray, L., Kaplanidou, K., & Zhan, F. (2013). Destination risk perceptions among U.S. residents for London as the host city of the 2012 summer Olympic games. Tourism Management, 38, 107-119.
Shin, H., Nicolau, J. L., Kang, J., Sharma, A., & Lee, H. (2022). Travel decision determinants during and after Covid-19: The role of tourist trust, travel constraints, and attitudinal factors. Tourism Management, 88, 104428.
Slevitch, L., & Sharma, A. (2008). Management of perceived risk in the context of destination choice. International Journal of Hospitality và Tourism Administration, 9(1), 85-103.
Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (2016). Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 171-177.
Stacks, D., & Michaelson, D. (2010). A practitioner's guide to public relations research, measurement and evaluation. Business Expert Press.
Su, D. N., Tran, K. P. T., Nguyen, L. N. T., Thai, T. H. T., Doan, T. H. T., & Tran, V. T. (2022). Modeling behavioral intention toward traveling in times of a health-related crisis. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 28 (2), 135-151.
Tang, T. C., & Wong, K. N. (2009). Research Note: The SARS Epidemic and International Visitor Arrivals to Cambodia: Is the Impact Permanent or Transitory? Tourism Economics, 15(4), 883-890.
Wang, J., Liu-Lastres, B., Ritchie, B. W., & Mills, D. J. (2019). Travellers’ self-protections against health risks: An application of the full protection motivation theory. Annals of Tourism Research, 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102743.
Wang, W. C., Lin, C. H., Lu, W. B., & Lee, S. H. (2018). When destination attractiveness shifts in response to climate change: tourists' adaptation intention in Taiwan's Kenting National Park. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-26.
Wen, Z., Huimin, G., & Kavanaugh, R. R. (2005). The Impacts of SARS on the Consumer Behaviour of Chinese Domestic Tourists. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(1), 22-38.
Yang, E. C. L., & Nair, V. (2014). Tourism at risk: A review of risk and perceived risk in tourism. Asia-Pacific Journal of Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism, 3(2), 1-21.
Zeng, B., Carter, R. W., & De Lacy, T. (2005). Short-term Perturbations and Tourism Effects: The Case of SARS in China. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(4), 306-322.
Zhao, C., & Cheng, L., (2022). The influence of visitors’ self-protective behaviors on social carrying capacity in museums during the Covid-19 pandemic. Museum Management and Curatorship, 38(5), 513-529. https://doi.org/10.1080/09647775.2022.2132996.
Zheng, D., Luo, Q., & Ritchie, B. W. (2021). Afraid to travel after Covid-19? Self-protection, coping and resilience against pandemic ‘travel fear’. Tourism Management, 83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104261.
Arroyo-López, P., Velázquez-Martínez, J. C., & Gámez-Pérez, K. M. (2022). Past behavior as a predictor of eco-driving practices: The case of a sustained intervention in a Mexican transportation company. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 16(11), 989-1002. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2021.1959967.
Au, A. K. M., Ramasamy, B., & Yeung, M. C. H. (2005). The effects of SARS on the Hong Kong tourism industry: An empirical evaluation. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 10 (1), 85-95.
Bae, S. Y., & Chang, P.-J. (2021). The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (Covid-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards ‘untact’ tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020). Current Issues in Tourism, 24 (7), 1017-1035.
Boto-García, D., & Leoni, V. (2021). Exposure to Covid-19 and travel intentions: Evidence from Spain. Tourism Economics, 135481662199655.
Cahyanto, I., Wiblishauser, M., Pennington-Gray, L., & Schroeder, A., (2016). The dynamics of travel avoidance: The case of Ebola in the U.S. Tourism Management Perspectives, Volume 20, 195-203, ISSN 2211-9736.
Conner, M., & Norman, P. (Eds.). (2005). Predicting health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models (2nd ed.; pp. 170–222). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Defranco, A., & Morosan, C. (2017). Coping with the risk of internet connectivity in hotels: Perspectives from American consumers traveling internationally. Tourism Management, 61, 380-393.
Fennell, D. A. (2017). Towards a Model of Travel Fear. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 140-150.
Fisher, J. J., Almanza, B. A., Behnke, C., Nelson, D. C., & Neal, J. (2018). Norovirus on cruise ships: Motivation for handwashing?. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 75, 10-17.
Floyd, D.L., Prentice-dunn, S., & Rogers, R.W. (2000). A Meta-Analysis of Research on Protection Motivation Theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30: 407-429.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gebrehiwot, T., & Veen, A. V. D. (2015). Farmers prone to drought risk: why some farmers undertake farm-level risk-reduction measures while others not? Environment Management, 55:588-602.
Godovykh, M., Pizam, A., & Bahja, F. (2021). Antecedents and outcomes of health risk perceptions in tourism, following the Covid-19 pandemic. Tourism Review, 76 (4),737- 748.
Grano, C., Singh Solorzano, C., & Di Pucchio, A. (2022). Predictors of protective behaviours during the Italian Covid-19 pandemic: an application of protection motivation theory. Psychology và Health, 1-21.
Guo, Y., Xiang, H., & Wang, Y. (2023). Understanding self-protective behaviors during Covid-19 Pandemic: Integrating the theory of planned behavior and OS-OR model. Current Psychology, 1-13.
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012), An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the academy o fmarketing science, 40(3), 414-433.
Horng, J.-S., Hu, M.-L. M., Teng, C.-C. C., & Lin, L. (2014). Energy saving and carbon reduction behaviors in tourism - A perception study of Asian visitors from a protection motivation theory perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(6), 721-735.
Hung, K., & Petrick, J. F. (2012). Testing the effects of congruity, travel constraints, and self-efficacy on travel intentions: An alternative decision-making model. Tourism management, 33(4), 855-867.
Kement, U., Çavuşoğlu, S., Demirağ, B., Durmaz, Y., & Bükey, A. (2022). Effect of perception of COVID-19 and nonpharmaceutical intervention on desire and behavioral intention in touristic travels in Turkey. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, Vol. 5, No. 1, 230-249. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-07-2020-0139.
Kuo, H. I., Chen, C. C., Tseng, W. C., Ju, L.F., & Huang, B.W. (2008). Assessing impacts of SARS and Avian Flu on international tourism demand to Asia. Tourism Management, 29(5), 917-928.
Law, R. (2006). The perceived impact of risks on travel decisions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(4), 289-300.
Li, J., Nguyen, T. H. H., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2021). Understanding post-pandemic travel behaviours - China’s Golden Week. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 49, 84-88.
Liu, B., Schroeder, A., Pennington-Gray, L., & Farajat, S. A. D. (2016). Source market perceptions: How risky is Jordan to travel to?. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 5(4), 294-304.
Maddux, J. E., & Rogers, R. W. (1983). Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19(5), 469-479.
Nguyen, N. M., Pham, M. Q., & Pham, M. (2021). Public's travel intention following Covid-19 pandemic constrained: A case study in Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(8), 181-189.
Pappas, N. (2021). Covid19: Holiday intentions during a pandemic. Tourism Management, 84, June 2021, 104287.
Qiao, G., Ruan, W. J., & Pabel, A. (2022). Understanding tourists’ protection motivations when faced with overseas travel after Covid-19: The case of South Koreans travelling to China. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(10), 1588-1606.
Rather, R. A. (2021). Demystifying the effects of perceived risk and fear on customer engagement, co-creation and revisit intention during Covid-19: A protection motivation theory approach. Journal of Destination Marketing và Management, 20, 100564.
Rodriguez-Llanes, J. M., Vos, F., & Guha-Sapir, D. (2013). Measuring psychological resilience to disasters: are evidence-based indicators an achievable goal?. Environmental Health, 12(1). doi:10.1186/1476-069x-12-115.
Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Psychology Interdiplinary Applied, 91(1), 93-114.
Ruan, W., Kang, S., & Song, H. (2020). Applying protection motivation theory to understand international tourists’ behavioural intentions under the threat of air pollution: A case of Beijing, China. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(16), 2027-2041.
Ryu, K., Promsivapallop, P., Kannaovakun, P., Kim, M., & Insuwanno, P., (2023). Residents’ risk perceptions, willingness to accept international tourists, and self-protective behaviour during destination re-opening amidst the Covid-19 pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism, 26:8, 1367-1383.
Scholz, U., & Freund, A. M. (2021). Determinants of protective behaviours during a nationwide lockdown in the wake of the COVID‐19 pandemic. British Journal of Health Psychology, 26(3), 935-957.
Schroeder, A., Pennington-Gray, L., Kaplanidou, K., & Zhan, F. (2013). Destination risk perceptions among U.S. residents for London as the host city of the 2012 summer Olympic games. Tourism Management, 38, 107-119.
Shin, H., Nicolau, J. L., Kang, J., Sharma, A., & Lee, H. (2022). Travel decision determinants during and after Covid-19: The role of tourist trust, travel constraints, and attitudinal factors. Tourism Management, 88, 104428.
Slevitch, L., & Sharma, A. (2008). Management of perceived risk in the context of destination choice. International Journal of Hospitality và Tourism Administration, 9(1), 85-103.
Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (2016). Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 171-177.
Stacks, D., & Michaelson, D. (2010). A practitioner's guide to public relations research, measurement and evaluation. Business Expert Press.
Su, D. N., Tran, K. P. T., Nguyen, L. N. T., Thai, T. H. T., Doan, T. H. T., & Tran, V. T. (2022). Modeling behavioral intention toward traveling in times of a health-related crisis. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 28 (2), 135-151.
Tang, T. C., & Wong, K. N. (2009). Research Note: The SARS Epidemic and International Visitor Arrivals to Cambodia: Is the Impact Permanent or Transitory? Tourism Economics, 15(4), 883-890.
Wang, J., Liu-Lastres, B., Ritchie, B. W., & Mills, D. J. (2019). Travellers’ self-protections against health risks: An application of the full protection motivation theory. Annals of Tourism Research, 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102743.
Wang, W. C., Lin, C. H., Lu, W. B., & Lee, S. H. (2018). When destination attractiveness shifts in response to climate change: tourists' adaptation intention in Taiwan's Kenting National Park. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-26.
Wen, Z., Huimin, G., & Kavanaugh, R. R. (2005). The Impacts of SARS on the Consumer Behaviour of Chinese Domestic Tourists. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(1), 22-38.
Yang, E. C. L., & Nair, V. (2014). Tourism at risk: A review of risk and perceived risk in tourism. Asia-Pacific Journal of Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism, 3(2), 1-21.
Zeng, B., Carter, R. W., & De Lacy, T. (2005). Short-term Perturbations and Tourism Effects: The Case of SARS in China. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(4), 306-322.
Zhao, C., & Cheng, L., (2022). The influence of visitors’ self-protective behaviors on social carrying capacity in museums during the Covid-19 pandemic. Museum Management and Curatorship, 38(5), 513-529. https://doi.org/10.1080/09647775.2022.2132996.
Zheng, D., Luo, Q., & Ritchie, B. W. (2021). Afraid to travel after Covid-19? Self-protection, coping and resilience against pandemic ‘travel fear’. Tourism Management, 83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104261.