Studying antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of Eleutherine bulbosa bulbs
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this investigation, the total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of E. bulbosa bulbs were quantified using the Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Additionally, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of fractionated extracts from E. bulbosa bulbs were assessed. Results showed that the TPC and TFC in the crude ethanol extracts of E. bulbosa bulbs were 93.51 ± 0.60 mg GAE/g and 32.25 ± 0.25 mg QE/g extract, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract from E. bulbosa bulbs exhibited significant potency, with IC50 values of 103.49 µg/mL and 141.25 µg/mL for the DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila, with the largest zone of inhibition measuring 26.51 ± 0.15 mm. It also indicated a potent antifungal effect of E. bulbosa bulb extracts, with 96.8% inhibition against B. dothidea at 312.5 µg/mL and a MIC value of 10,000 µg/mL. Therefore, the development of innovative food and pharmaceutical products derived from the bulbs of E. bulbosa is of considerable interest.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Keywords
Antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, Eleutherine bulbosa
References
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Bansal, S., Choudhary, S., Sharma, M., Kumar, S.S., Lohan, S., Bhardwaj, V., Syan, N., & Jyoti, S. (2013). Tea: a native source of antimicrobial agents. Food Research International, 53, 568-584.
Barile, E., Bonanomi, G., Antignani, V., Zolfaghari, B., Sajjadi, S.E., Scala, F., & Lanzotti, V. (2007). Saponins from Allium minutiflorum with antifungal activity. Phytochemistry, 68, 596-603.
Buller, N. B. (2004). Bacteria from fish and other aquatic animals: A practical identification manual. CABI Publishing. UK.
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Islam, M. N., Kabir, M. S. H., Kader, S. M. A., Mahmudul H., Samrat, E. K., Imran H., Jony, M. N. H., Chowdhury, M. S., Abul H., & Rahman, M. M. (2016). Total phenol, total flavonoid content and antioxidant potential of methanol extract of Boehmeria platyphylla D Don leaves. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 5(5), 334–344.
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Morabandza, C. J., Okiemy-Akieli, M. G., Okiemy, E., Andzi-Barhé, T., & Ongoka, P.R. (2016). Total phenols, total flavonoids content; antioxidant and antifungal activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Eleutherine bulbosa (Iridaceae). World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 252-255.
Munaeni, W., Widanarni, Munti Y., Mia, S., & Aris, T. W. (2019). Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activities of Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. extract against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 9(9), 397-404. doi: 10.4103/2221-1691.267669.
Munaeni, W., Pariakan, A., Abidin, L.B., & Yuhana, M. (2017). In vitro phytochemical and inhibitory potential test of Bawang Hutan bulb extract (Eleutherine palmifolia) on Vibrio harveyi. Microbiology Indonesia, 11, 75-80.
Mundt, S., Kreitlow, S., & Jansen, R. (2003). Fatty acids with antibacterial activity from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria redekei HUB 051. Journal of Applied Phycology, 15, 263-276.
Nenadis, N., Wang, L. -F., Tsimidou, M., & Zhang, H.-Y. (2004). Estimation of scavenging activity of phenolic compounds using the ABTS+ assay. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(15), 4669-4674. doi:10.1021/jf0400056.
Negi, P.S. (2012). Plant extracts for the control of bacterial growth: efficacy, stability and safety issues for food application. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 156(1), 7-17. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.006.
Rahmi, M., Helmina, W., Wahyudin, B. J., Kartini, Finna, S., Muhammad, F., & Abdul, W. (2021). Standardization of Eleutherine bulbosa urb. bulbs and total flavonoid content from three locations in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Pharmacognosy Journal, 13(1),73-80. doi: 10.5530/pj.2021.13.11.
Salama, H. M., & Marraiki, N. (2010). Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analyses of Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae), naturally growing in Egypt. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 17(1), 57-63.
Sharma, O. P. & Bhat, T. K. (2009). DPPH antioxidant assay revisited. Food Chemistry, 113(4), 1202-1205. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.
Shehata, M. G., Awad, T. S., Asker, D., El Sohaimy, S. A., Abd El- Aziz, N. M., & Youssef, M. M. (2021). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS polyphenolic profile of sweet orange peel extracts. Current Research in Food Science, 4, 326–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2021.05.001
Shetty, S. B., Mahin-Syed-Ismail, P., Varghese, S., Thomas-George, B., Kandathil-Thajuraj, P., Baby, D., Haleem, S., Sreedhar, S., & Devang-Divakar, D. (2016). Antimicrobial effects of Citrus sinensis peel extracts against dental caries bacteria: An in vitro study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, 8(1), e71–e77. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.52493
Sultana, B., Anwar, F., & Przybylski, R. (2007). Antioxidant potential of corncob extracts for stabilization of corn oil subjected to microwave heating. Food Chemistry, 104(3), 997–1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.061
Syariful, A., Akhmad, K., Nurdinah, Nur’afia1., Yonelian, Y. (2023). Standardization of Eleutherine bulbosa urb. bulbs extract from Lampo, Donggala, Central Sulawesi. Natural Sciences, 12(1), 29‒34.
Turker, H., Yıldırım, A. B., & Karakaş, F. B. (2009). Sensitivity of bacteria ısolated from fish to some medicinal plants. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 9, 181-186.
Xing, Q., Zhou, X., Cao, Y., Peng, J., Zhang, W., Wang, X., Wu, J., Li, X., & Yan, J. (2023). The woody plant-degrading pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae effector LtCre1 targets the grapevine sugar-signaling protein VvRHIP1 to suppress host immunity. Journal of Experimental Botany, 74(8), 2768-2785. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erad055.
Xu, Q. -L., He, C. M., Zeng, L,, Zhang, H., & Wang, H. F. (2014). Research Advances on Chemistry and Pharmacology of Eleutherine bulbosa. Forestry Science and Technology of Guangdong Province, 30, 82–89.
Ye, C., Dai, D., & Hu, W. (2013). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from onion (Allium cepa L.). Food Control, 30, 48-53.
Yeo, Y. L., Chia, Y. Y., Lee, C. H., Sow, H. S., & Yap, & W. S. (2014). Effectiveness of maceration periods with different extraction solvents on in-vitro antimicrobial activity from fruit of Momordica charantia L. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 4, 16-23.
Alves, T.M.A., Kloos, H., & Zani, C.L. (2003). Eleutherinone, a novel fungitoxic naphthoquinone from Eleutherine bulbosa (Iridaceae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98(5), 709 –712.
Arif, T., Bhosale, J. D., Kumar, N., Mandal, T. K., Bendre, R. S., Lavekar, G. S., & Dabur, R. (2009). Natural products – antifungal agents derived from plants. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 11(7), 621–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020902942350.
Bansal, S., Choudhary, S., Sharma, M., Kumar, S.S., Lohan, S., Bhardwaj, V., Syan, N., & Jyoti, S. (2013). Tea: a native source of antimicrobial agents. Food Research International, 53, 568-584.
Barile, E., Bonanomi, G., Antignani, V., Zolfaghari, B., Sajjadi, S.E., Scala, F., & Lanzotti, V. (2007). Saponins from Allium minutiflorum with antifungal activity. Phytochemistry, 68, 596-603.
Buller, N. B. (2004). Bacteria from fish and other aquatic animals: A practical identification manual. CABI Publishing. UK.
Chen, L., Wang, Q., Chen, H, Sun, G. W., Liu, H. X., & Wang, H. K. (2016). Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Botryosphaeria dothidea. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 32(106), 1-5.
Ieyama, T., Gunawan-Puteri, M.D., & Kawabata, J. (2011). α-Glucosidase inhibitors from the bulb of Eleutherine americana. Food Chemistry, 128(2), 308-11. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.021.
Islam, M. N., Kabir, M. S. H., Kader, S. M. A., Mahmudul H., Samrat, E. K., Imran H., Jony, M. N. H., Chowdhury, M. S., Abul H., & Rahman, M. M. (2016). Total phenol, total flavonoid content and antioxidant potential of methanol extract of Boehmeria platyphylla D Don leaves. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 5(5), 334–344.
Islamudin, A., Angga, C. N., Riki R. M., Nur, M. Z., Iswahyudi, I., Hajrah, H., Niken, I., Arifuddin, M., Siska, S., Supandi, S., & Neneng, S. S. A. (2023). Optimization of microwave‑assisted extraction on polyphenol metabolite from Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) urb. bulbs using response surface methodology. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research , 14(2), 113-118.
Jiang, H., Man, W. J., Hou, A. J., Yang, L., Xing, X. D., Yan, M. L., … Yang, L. (2020). The chemical constituents from the active fractions of Eleutherine bulbosa with their antimicrobial activity. Natural Product Research, 34(12), 1743–1749. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1530229
Kamarudin, A.A., Sayuti, N.H., Saad, N., Razak, N.A.A., & Esa, N.M. (2021). Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) urb. bulb: Review of the pharmacological activities and its prospects for application. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(13), 6747. doi: 10.3390/ijms22136747.
Kusuma, I.W., Arung, E.T., Rosamah, E., Purwatiningsih, S., Kuspradini, H., Astuti, J., Kim, Y.U., & Shimizu, K. (2010). Antidermatophyte and antimelanogenesis compound from Eleutherine americana grown in Indonesia. Journal of Natural Medicines, 64, 223–226.
Morabandza, C. J., Okiemy-Akieli, M. G., Okiemy, E., Andzi-Barhé, T., & Ongoka, P.R. (2016). Total phenols, total flavonoids content; antioxidant and antifungal activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Eleutherine bulbosa (Iridaceae). World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 252-255.
Munaeni, W., Widanarni, Munti Y., Mia, S., & Aris, T. W. (2019). Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activities of Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. extract against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 9(9), 397-404. doi: 10.4103/2221-1691.267669.
Munaeni, W., Pariakan, A., Abidin, L.B., & Yuhana, M. (2017). In vitro phytochemical and inhibitory potential test of Bawang Hutan bulb extract (Eleutherine palmifolia) on Vibrio harveyi. Microbiology Indonesia, 11, 75-80.
Mundt, S., Kreitlow, S., & Jansen, R. (2003). Fatty acids with antibacterial activity from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria redekei HUB 051. Journal of Applied Phycology, 15, 263-276.
Nenadis, N., Wang, L. -F., Tsimidou, M., & Zhang, H.-Y. (2004). Estimation of scavenging activity of phenolic compounds using the ABTS+ assay. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(15), 4669-4674. doi:10.1021/jf0400056.
Negi, P.S. (2012). Plant extracts for the control of bacterial growth: efficacy, stability and safety issues for food application. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 156(1), 7-17. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.006.
Rahmi, M., Helmina, W., Wahyudin, B. J., Kartini, Finna, S., Muhammad, F., & Abdul, W. (2021). Standardization of Eleutherine bulbosa urb. bulbs and total flavonoid content from three locations in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Pharmacognosy Journal, 13(1),73-80. doi: 10.5530/pj.2021.13.11.
Salama, H. M., & Marraiki, N. (2010). Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analyses of Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae), naturally growing in Egypt. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 17(1), 57-63.
Sharma, O. P. & Bhat, T. K. (2009). DPPH antioxidant assay revisited. Food Chemistry, 113(4), 1202-1205. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.
Shehata, M. G., Awad, T. S., Asker, D., El Sohaimy, S. A., Abd El- Aziz, N. M., & Youssef, M. M. (2021). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS polyphenolic profile of sweet orange peel extracts. Current Research in Food Science, 4, 326–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2021.05.001
Shetty, S. B., Mahin-Syed-Ismail, P., Varghese, S., Thomas-George, B., Kandathil-Thajuraj, P., Baby, D., Haleem, S., Sreedhar, S., & Devang-Divakar, D. (2016). Antimicrobial effects of Citrus sinensis peel extracts against dental caries bacteria: An in vitro study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, 8(1), e71–e77. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.52493
Sultana, B., Anwar, F., & Przybylski, R. (2007). Antioxidant potential of corncob extracts for stabilization of corn oil subjected to microwave heating. Food Chemistry, 104(3), 997–1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.061
Syariful, A., Akhmad, K., Nurdinah, Nur’afia1., Yonelian, Y. (2023). Standardization of Eleutherine bulbosa urb. bulbs extract from Lampo, Donggala, Central Sulawesi. Natural Sciences, 12(1), 29‒34.
Turker, H., Yıldırım, A. B., & Karakaş, F. B. (2009). Sensitivity of bacteria ısolated from fish to some medicinal plants. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 9, 181-186.
Xing, Q., Zhou, X., Cao, Y., Peng, J., Zhang, W., Wang, X., Wu, J., Li, X., & Yan, J. (2023). The woody plant-degrading pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae effector LtCre1 targets the grapevine sugar-signaling protein VvRHIP1 to suppress host immunity. Journal of Experimental Botany, 74(8), 2768-2785. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erad055.
Xu, Q. -L., He, C. M., Zeng, L,, Zhang, H., & Wang, H. F. (2014). Research Advances on Chemistry and Pharmacology of Eleutherine bulbosa. Forestry Science and Technology of Guangdong Province, 30, 82–89.
Ye, C., Dai, D., & Hu, W. (2013). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from onion (Allium cepa L.). Food Control, 30, 48-53.
Yeo, Y. L., Chia, Y. Y., Lee, C. H., Sow, H. S., & Yap, & W. S. (2014). Effectiveness of maceration periods with different extraction solvents on in-vitro antimicrobial activity from fruit of Momordica charantia L. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 4, 16-23.
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