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Abstract

In the late nineteenth century, most Asian countries had to face a critical choice: reforming to integrate into the progressive world or closing to maintain the old order under the pressure from the West. In such a context, several Asian countries carried out a number of reforms as a temporary measure to overcome their difficulties and deal with the wave of invasion from the West. The reforms were not only the key to the dominance of the local dynasties, but also a turning point in these countries’ history. The three most typical reforms were in Japan (1868-1912), Thailand (1868-1910), China (1898) in the Pacific-Asia.