Thanh bên bài viết
Số xuất bản:
2026: Bài chờ xuất bản chuyên san Khoa học Tự nhiên
Chuyên mục:
Khoa học Tự nhiên (Tiếng Anh)
Ngày xuất bản:
03/05/2026
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13
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12
Trích dẫn bài báo
Nguyen, T. D. T., Tran, T. K., Trinh, M. N., Pham, L. T. V., Lam, Q. N., Nguyen, N. N., Auguste, A., & Kasim, M. (2026). Effect of Salinity on germination of (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis L.) through germination and early seedling growth indices. Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Đồng Tháp, Online First, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.52714/dthu.ns.3285.2006
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Effect of Salinity on germination of (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis L.) through germination and early seedling growth indices
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Tóm tắt
Salinity acts as a key abiotic stress that hampers seed germination and early seedling growth. This study examined how salinity affects germination and initial development in Pak Choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis L.) at electrical conductivity (EC) levels from 0 up to 16 dS m⁻¹. We measured parameters like germination percentage (GP), germination index (GI), mean germination time (MGT), T₅₀, seedling vigor index (SVI), shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry biomass, plus dry weight-to-length ratios. At mild salinity (EC ≤ 4 dS m⁻¹), GP stayed high at 91.8%, and seedlings actually developed better - with fresh weight achieving a maximum of 51.30 mg at EC 4 dS m⁻¹ (almost twice the control's 22.88 mg) and SVI-shoot topping surpassing 250—suggesting a favorable response to low-level salt stress. Germination time-related indices increased progressively with EC, with T₅₀ rising from 12.38 h at EC 0 to 27.02 h at EC 16 dS m⁻¹. Seedling growth and vigor declined sharply at EC 10 dS m⁻¹, growth and vigor dropped off quickly: shoot length fell from 3.2 cm to just 0.72 cm at EC 16 dS m⁻¹. Shoots suffered more than roots, and higher salinity boosted dry weight-to-length ratios (from 0.60 to 1.51 mg cm⁻¹), pointing to a change toward denser biomass rather than longer growth. Thus, these findings provide quantitative salinity thresholds for Pak choi at the germination and early seedling stage, offering practical references for agronomic management in saline-affected areas and a basis for selecting salt-tolerant genotypes within the Brassicaceae family.
Từ khóa
Germination, Growth and development, Pak choi, Salt stress
Chi tiết bài viết
Bài báo này được cấp phép theo Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bakirov, A., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q., Seitahmetovna, S. A., Yu, X., Shi, Y., Xu, Y., Wang, K., Qin, M., Xu, A., & Huang, Z. (2022). Screening of salt tolerance traits and the salt tolerance evaluation method in Brassica napus at the seed germination stage. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2022.2011
Basnet, R. K., Duwal, A., Tiwari, D. N., Xiao, D., Monakhos, S., Bucher, J., Visser, R. G. F., Groot, S. P. C., Bonnema, G., & Maliepaard, C. (2015a). Quantitative trait locus analysis of seed germination and seedling vigor in brassica rapa reveals QTL hotspots and epistatic interactions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.01032
Beyaz, R., & Uslu, V. V. (2025). Effect of NaCl-induced Salt Stress at Germination and Early Seedling Growth Stage in Lupinus albus L. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 13(3), 642–647. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v13i3.642-647.7354
Breś, W., Kleiber, T., Markiewicz, B., Mieloszyk, E., & Mieloch, M. (2022). The Effect of NaCl Stress on the Response of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Agronomy, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020244
Chakraborty, K., Basak, N., Bhaduri, D., Ray, S., Vijayan, J., Chattopadhyay, K., & Sarkar, R. K. (2018). Ionic basis of salt tolerance in plants: Nutrient homeostasis and oxidative stress tolerance. In Plant Nutrients and Abiotic Stress Tolerance (pp. 325–362). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-9044-8_14
Cheng, B., Hassan, M. J., Feng, G., Zhao, J., Liu, W., Peng, Y., & Li, Z. (2022). Metabolites Reprogramming and Na+/K+ Transportation Associated With Putrescine-Regulated White Clover Seed Germination and Seedling Tolerance to Salt Toxicity. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.856007
Egamberdieva, D., Wirth, S., Bellingrath-Kimura, S. D., Mishra, J., & Arora, N. K. (2019). Salt-Tolerant Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria for Enhancing Crop Productivity of Saline Soils. In Frontiers in Microbiology (Vol. 10). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02791
Fatema, K., Ahmed, S. S. U., Mukul, M. M., Sultana, A., & Akter, N. (2024). Germination of jute genotypes under salinity stress. Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 8(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.26480/mjsa.01.2024.45.52
Fu, H., & Yang, Y. (2023). How Plants Tolerate Salt Stress. In Current Issues in Molecular Biology (Vol. 45, Number 7, pp. 5914–5934). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45070374
Gao, Z. W., Mu, Y. G., Ding, J. J., Ding, K. J., Li, J. T., Li, X. N., He, L. J., Wang, Z. J., Mu, C. S., Alharbi, S. A., Ansari, M. J., & Rasheed, A. (2024). The effects of salinity stress on Amorpha fruticosa Linn. seed germination, physiological and biochemical mechanisms. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 52(1). https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha52113552
Ghaffar, S., Azam Khan, M., Ahsan Khan, M., Sahar Rana, U., Nadeem, M., Saad, H., Mustafa, B., Zulfqar, M., Ghias, M., Habib, S., Rauf, S., Rizwan Bashir, M., & Khan, M. A. (2025). Influence of salt stress on the growth of Brassica seedlings. Insights-Jounal of Life and Social Sciences, 3(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.71000/4z1gme11
Gupta, S., Rupasinghe, T., Callahan, D. L., Natera, S. H. A., Smith, P. M. C., Hill, C. B., Roessner, U., & Boughton, B. A. (2019). Spatio-Temporal Metabolite and Elemental Profiling of Salt Stressed Barley Seeds During Initial Stages of Germination by MALDI-MSI and µ-XRF Spectrometry. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01139
Hmissi, M., Krouma, A., García-Sánchez, F., & Chaieb, M. (2024). Potential of Seed Halopriming in the Mitigation of Salinity Stress during Germination and Seedling Establishment in Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Plants, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010066
Imran, Q. M., Falak, N., Hussain, A., Mun, B. G., & Yun, B. W. (2021). Abiotic stress in plants, stress perception to molecular response and role of biotechnological tools in stress resistance. Agronomy, 11(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081579
Jia, K., Yan, C., Yan, H., & Gao, J. (2020). Physiological responses of turnip (Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa) seedlings to salt stress. HortScience, 55(10), 1567–1574. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15187-20
Kamran, M., Wang, D., Xie, K., Lu, Y., Shi, C., EL Sabagh, A., Gu, W., & Xu, P. (2021). Pre-sowing seed treatment with kinetin and calcium mitigates salt induced inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth of choysum (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112921
Khan, M. A. H., Baset Mia, M. A., Quddus, M. A., Sarker, K. K., Rahman, M., Skalicky, M., Brestic, M., Gaber, A., Alsuhaibani, A. M., & Hossain, A. (2022). Salinity-Induced Physiological Changes in Pea (Pisum sativum L.): Germination Rate, Biomass Accumulation, Relative Water Content, Seedling Vigor, and Salt Tolerance Index. Plants, 11(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243493
Li, M., Zhang, K., Sun, Y., Cui, H., Cao, S., Yan, L., & Xu, M. (2018). Growth, physiology, and transcriptional analysis of two contrasting Carex rigescens genotypes under Salt stress reveal salt-tolerance mechanisms. Journal of Plant Physiology, 229, 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2018.07.005
Ludwig, M., Wilmes, P., & Schrader, S. (2018). Measuring soil sustainability via soil resilience. In Science of the Total Environment (Vol. 626, pp. 1484–1493). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.043
Manono, B. O. (2025). Effects of Salinity on Seed Germination: Mechanisms, Impacts, and Mitigation Strategies. Seeds, 5(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds5010001
Moulick, D., Choudhury, S., Brestic, M., & Hossain, A. (2024). Editorial: The impact of abiotic stresses on agriculture: mitigation through climate-smart strategies. In Frontiers in Plant Science (Vol. 15). Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1391051
Munns, R., James, R. A., & Läuchli, A. (2006). Approaches to increasing the salt tolerance of wheat and other cereals. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57(5), 1025–1043. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erj100
Munns, R., & Tester, M. (2008). Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. In Annual Review of Plant Biology (Vol. 59, pp. 651–681). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911
Nadarajah, K. K. (2020). Ros homeostasis in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. In International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Vol. 21, Number 15, pp. 1–29). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155208
Nakaune, M., Tsukazawa, K., Uga, H., Asamizu, E., Imanishi, S., Matsukura, C., & Ezura, H. (2012). Low sodium chloride priming increases seedling vigor and stress tolerance to Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato. Plant Biotechnology, 29(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.11.1122a
Nhi, P. N., & Quyen, N. H. T. (2025). Effects of nutrient solution formulations on growth and yield of hydroponics tatsoi (brassica rapa var. narinosa) and red pak choi (brassica rapa var. chinensis) cultivated in greenhouse. TNU Journal of Science and Technology, 230(13), 275–282. https://doi.org/10.34238/tnu-jst.12371
Petretto, G. L., Urgeghe, P. P., Massa, D., & Melito, S. (2019). Effect of salinity (NaCl)on plant growth, nutrient content, and glucosinolate hydrolysis products trends in rocket genotypes. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 141, 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.05.012
Rajabi Dehnavi, A., Zahedi, M., & Piernik, A. (2023). Understanding salinity stress responses in sorghum: exploring genotype variability and salt tolerance mechanisms. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1296286
Rajabi Dehnavi, Zahedi, M., Ludwiczak, A., Perez, S. C., & Piernik, A. (2020). Effect of salinity on seed germination and seedling development of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes. Agronomy, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060859
Shahbazi, E., Arzani, A., & Saeidi, G. (2011). Effects of NaCl treatments on seed germination and antioxidant activity of canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Bangladesh J. Bot, 41(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v40i1.8000
Shuai, H., Meng, Y., Luo, X., Chen, F., Zhou, W., Dai, Y., Qi, Y., Du, J., Yang, F., Liu, J., Yang, W., & Shu, K. (2017). Exogenous auxin represses soybean seed germination through decreasing the gibberellin/abscisic acid (GA/ABA) ratio. Scientific Reports, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13093-w
Tendeukai, J., & Ndondo, K. (2023). Review of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Strategic Priorities on Food Safety 2023. www.intechopen.com
Trung Thanh, D., & Huynh Anh Tuyet, N. (2025). Using Nutrient Solution Instead of Fertilizer to Grow Bok Choy (Brassica chinensis) in Thu Dau Mot City. VNU Journal of Science: Earth and Environmental Sciences. https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1094/vnuees.5214
Vujaković, M., Marjanović-Jeromela, A., Jovičić, D., Ovuka, J., & Kostić, M. (2017). Seed germination and seedling growth of oilrape under saline stress conditions klijavost semena i porast ponika uljane repice u uslovima sonog stresa. In Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture (Vol. 21, Number 2).
Wu, L., Yang, H., Li, Z., Wang, L., & Peng, Q. (2022). Effects of salinity-stress on seed germination and growth physiology of Quinclorac-resistant Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Agronomy, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051193
Xue, S., Yao, X., Luo, W., Jha, D., Tester, M., Horie, T., & Schroeder, J. I. (2011). AtHKT1;1 mediates nernstian sodium channel transport properties in Arabidopsis root stelar cells. PLoS ONE, 6(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024725
Yang, Y., & Guo, Y. (2018). Elucidating the molecular mechanisms mediating plant salt-stress responses. In New Phytologist (Vol. 217, Number 2, pp. 523–539). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14920
Zhang, G., Zhou, J., Peng, Y., Tan, Z., Li, L., Yu, L., Jin, C., Fang, S., Lu, S., Guo, L., & Yao, X. (2022). Genome-Wide Association Studies of salt tolerance at seed germination and seedling stages in Brassica napus. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.772708
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Basnet, R. K., Duwal, A., Tiwari, D. N., Xiao, D., Monakhos, S., Bucher, J., Visser, R. G. F., Groot, S. P. C., Bonnema, G., & Maliepaard, C. (2015a). Quantitative trait locus analysis of seed germination and seedling vigor in brassica rapa reveals QTL hotspots and epistatic interactions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.01032
Beyaz, R., & Uslu, V. V. (2025). Effect of NaCl-induced Salt Stress at Germination and Early Seedling Growth Stage in Lupinus albus L. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 13(3), 642–647. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v13i3.642-647.7354
Breś, W., Kleiber, T., Markiewicz, B., Mieloszyk, E., & Mieloch, M. (2022). The Effect of NaCl Stress on the Response of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Agronomy, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020244
Chakraborty, K., Basak, N., Bhaduri, D., Ray, S., Vijayan, J., Chattopadhyay, K., & Sarkar, R. K. (2018). Ionic basis of salt tolerance in plants: Nutrient homeostasis and oxidative stress tolerance. In Plant Nutrients and Abiotic Stress Tolerance (pp. 325–362). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-9044-8_14
Cheng, B., Hassan, M. J., Feng, G., Zhao, J., Liu, W., Peng, Y., & Li, Z. (2022). Metabolites Reprogramming and Na+/K+ Transportation Associated With Putrescine-Regulated White Clover Seed Germination and Seedling Tolerance to Salt Toxicity. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.856007
Egamberdieva, D., Wirth, S., Bellingrath-Kimura, S. D., Mishra, J., & Arora, N. K. (2019). Salt-Tolerant Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria for Enhancing Crop Productivity of Saline Soils. In Frontiers in Microbiology (Vol. 10). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02791
Fatema, K., Ahmed, S. S. U., Mukul, M. M., Sultana, A., & Akter, N. (2024). Germination of jute genotypes under salinity stress. Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 8(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.26480/mjsa.01.2024.45.52
Fu, H., & Yang, Y. (2023). How Plants Tolerate Salt Stress. In Current Issues in Molecular Biology (Vol. 45, Number 7, pp. 5914–5934). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45070374
Gao, Z. W., Mu, Y. G., Ding, J. J., Ding, K. J., Li, J. T., Li, X. N., He, L. J., Wang, Z. J., Mu, C. S., Alharbi, S. A., Ansari, M. J., & Rasheed, A. (2024). The effects of salinity stress on Amorpha fruticosa Linn. seed germination, physiological and biochemical mechanisms. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 52(1). https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha52113552
Ghaffar, S., Azam Khan, M., Ahsan Khan, M., Sahar Rana, U., Nadeem, M., Saad, H., Mustafa, B., Zulfqar, M., Ghias, M., Habib, S., Rauf, S., Rizwan Bashir, M., & Khan, M. A. (2025). Influence of salt stress on the growth of Brassica seedlings. Insights-Jounal of Life and Social Sciences, 3(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.71000/4z1gme11
Gupta, S., Rupasinghe, T., Callahan, D. L., Natera, S. H. A., Smith, P. M. C., Hill, C. B., Roessner, U., & Boughton, B. A. (2019). Spatio-Temporal Metabolite and Elemental Profiling of Salt Stressed Barley Seeds During Initial Stages of Germination by MALDI-MSI and µ-XRF Spectrometry. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01139
Hmissi, M., Krouma, A., García-Sánchez, F., & Chaieb, M. (2024). Potential of Seed Halopriming in the Mitigation of Salinity Stress during Germination and Seedling Establishment in Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Plants, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010066
Imran, Q. M., Falak, N., Hussain, A., Mun, B. G., & Yun, B. W. (2021). Abiotic stress in plants, stress perception to molecular response and role of biotechnological tools in stress resistance. Agronomy, 11(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081579
Jia, K., Yan, C., Yan, H., & Gao, J. (2020). Physiological responses of turnip (Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa) seedlings to salt stress. HortScience, 55(10), 1567–1574. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15187-20
Kamran, M., Wang, D., Xie, K., Lu, Y., Shi, C., EL Sabagh, A., Gu, W., & Xu, P. (2021). Pre-sowing seed treatment with kinetin and calcium mitigates salt induced inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth of choysum (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112921
Khan, M. A. H., Baset Mia, M. A., Quddus, M. A., Sarker, K. K., Rahman, M., Skalicky, M., Brestic, M., Gaber, A., Alsuhaibani, A. M., & Hossain, A. (2022). Salinity-Induced Physiological Changes in Pea (Pisum sativum L.): Germination Rate, Biomass Accumulation, Relative Water Content, Seedling Vigor, and Salt Tolerance Index. Plants, 11(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243493
Li, M., Zhang, K., Sun, Y., Cui, H., Cao, S., Yan, L., & Xu, M. (2018). Growth, physiology, and transcriptional analysis of two contrasting Carex rigescens genotypes under Salt stress reveal salt-tolerance mechanisms. Journal of Plant Physiology, 229, 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2018.07.005
Ludwig, M., Wilmes, P., & Schrader, S. (2018). Measuring soil sustainability via soil resilience. In Science of the Total Environment (Vol. 626, pp. 1484–1493). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.043
Manono, B. O. (2025). Effects of Salinity on Seed Germination: Mechanisms, Impacts, and Mitigation Strategies. Seeds, 5(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds5010001
Moulick, D., Choudhury, S., Brestic, M., & Hossain, A. (2024). Editorial: The impact of abiotic stresses on agriculture: mitigation through climate-smart strategies. In Frontiers in Plant Science (Vol. 15). Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1391051
Munns, R., James, R. A., & Läuchli, A. (2006). Approaches to increasing the salt tolerance of wheat and other cereals. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57(5), 1025–1043. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erj100
Munns, R., & Tester, M. (2008). Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. In Annual Review of Plant Biology (Vol. 59, pp. 651–681). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911
Nadarajah, K. K. (2020). Ros homeostasis in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. In International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Vol. 21, Number 15, pp. 1–29). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155208
Nakaune, M., Tsukazawa, K., Uga, H., Asamizu, E., Imanishi, S., Matsukura, C., & Ezura, H. (2012). Low sodium chloride priming increases seedling vigor and stress tolerance to Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato. Plant Biotechnology, 29(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.11.1122a
Nhi, P. N., & Quyen, N. H. T. (2025). Effects of nutrient solution formulations on growth and yield of hydroponics tatsoi (brassica rapa var. narinosa) and red pak choi (brassica rapa var. chinensis) cultivated in greenhouse. TNU Journal of Science and Technology, 230(13), 275–282. https://doi.org/10.34238/tnu-jst.12371
Petretto, G. L., Urgeghe, P. P., Massa, D., & Melito, S. (2019). Effect of salinity (NaCl)on plant growth, nutrient content, and glucosinolate hydrolysis products trends in rocket genotypes. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 141, 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.05.012
Rajabi Dehnavi, A., Zahedi, M., & Piernik, A. (2023). Understanding salinity stress responses in sorghum: exploring genotype variability and salt tolerance mechanisms. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1296286
Rajabi Dehnavi, Zahedi, M., Ludwiczak, A., Perez, S. C., & Piernik, A. (2020). Effect of salinity on seed germination and seedling development of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes. Agronomy, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060859
Shahbazi, E., Arzani, A., & Saeidi, G. (2011). Effects of NaCl treatments on seed germination and antioxidant activity of canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Bangladesh J. Bot, 41(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v40i1.8000
Shuai, H., Meng, Y., Luo, X., Chen, F., Zhou, W., Dai, Y., Qi, Y., Du, J., Yang, F., Liu, J., Yang, W., & Shu, K. (2017). Exogenous auxin represses soybean seed germination through decreasing the gibberellin/abscisic acid (GA/ABA) ratio. Scientific Reports, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13093-w
Tendeukai, J., & Ndondo, K. (2023). Review of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Strategic Priorities on Food Safety 2023. www.intechopen.com
Trung Thanh, D., & Huynh Anh Tuyet, N. (2025). Using Nutrient Solution Instead of Fertilizer to Grow Bok Choy (Brassica chinensis) in Thu Dau Mot City. VNU Journal of Science: Earth and Environmental Sciences. https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1094/vnuees.5214
Vujaković, M., Marjanović-Jeromela, A., Jovičić, D., Ovuka, J., & Kostić, M. (2017). Seed germination and seedling growth of oilrape under saline stress conditions klijavost semena i porast ponika uljane repice u uslovima sonog stresa. In Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture (Vol. 21, Number 2).
Wu, L., Yang, H., Li, Z., Wang, L., & Peng, Q. (2022). Effects of salinity-stress on seed germination and growth physiology of Quinclorac-resistant Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Agronomy, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051193
Xue, S., Yao, X., Luo, W., Jha, D., Tester, M., Horie, T., & Schroeder, J. I. (2011). AtHKT1;1 mediates nernstian sodium channel transport properties in Arabidopsis root stelar cells. PLoS ONE, 6(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024725
Yang, Y., & Guo, Y. (2018). Elucidating the molecular mechanisms mediating plant salt-stress responses. In New Phytologist (Vol. 217, Number 2, pp. 523–539). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14920
Zhang, G., Zhou, J., Peng, Y., Tan, Z., Li, L., Yu, L., Jin, C., Fang, S., Lu, S., Guo, L., & Yao, X. (2022). Genome-Wide Association Studies of salt tolerance at seed germination and seedling stages in Brassica napus. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.772708
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