Impacts of perceived risks on domestic tourists' revisit intentions to Can Tho city in the new normal
Main Article Content
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has caused severe impacts on tourism activities and one of them is tourists’ intention to revisit destinations. This study aimed to investigate the effects of perceived risks by domestic tourists intending to revisit Can Tho under the new normal (post-Covid-19). The study surveyed 217 domestic tourists who intend to return to Can Tho under the new normal and used factor analysis and linear regression to analyze and process the data. Research results show that 04 factors, including time, operational, financial, and physical risks, affect the revisit intention of tourists. These factors have an inverse relationship with tourists' intention to revisit Can Tho in the post-Covid-19 context. From there, the study contributes to a clearer understanding of the behavior of domestic tourists at present.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Keywords
Can tho city, new normal, perceived risk, revisit intention.
References
Adeloye, D., & Brown, L. (2018). Terrorism and domestic tourist risk perceptions. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 16(3), 217-233.
Artuğer, S. (2015). The effect of risk perceptions on tourists’ revisit intentions. European Journal of usiness and Management, 7(2), 36-43.
Bằng, N. V., & Văn, L. B. (2020). Tác động của rủi ro cảm nhận đến sự hài lòng và ý định quay trở lại điểm đến Lâm Đồng của khách du lịch. Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Kinh tế và Kinh doanh Châu Á, Số 12 (2020), 44-65.
Bauer, R. A. (1960). Consumer behavior as risk taking. In Cox, D. (Ed.), Risk taking andinformation handling in consumer behavior (pp. 389-398). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Casidy, R., & Wymer, W. (2016). A risk worth taking: Perceived risk as moderator of satisfaction, loyalty, and willingness-to-pay premium price. Journal of retailing and consumer services, 32, 189-197.
Chahal, H., & Devi, A. (2017). How perceived risk influences image and loyalty relationship in a tourist destination? An Indian perspective. International Journal of Leisure and Tourism Marketing, 5(2), 100-127.
Chew, E. Y. T., & Jahari, S. A. (2014). Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: A case of post-disaster Japan. Tourism Management, 40, 382-393. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.00810.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.008.
Çetinsöz, B. C., & Ege, Z. (2013). Impacts of perceived risks on tourists' revisit intentions. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 24:2, 173-187, DOI: 10.1080/13032917.2012.743921.
Công, L. C. (2017). Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của rủi ro cảm nhận đến thái độ và ý định sử dụng dịch vụ tour bốn đảo của du khách quốc tế tại Nha Trang. Tạp chí Phát triển Kinh tế, 28(2), 86-104.
Cui, F., Liu, Y., Chang, Y., Duan, J., & Li, J. (2016). An overview of tourism risk perception. Nat Hazards (2016) 82:643-658. DOI 10.1007/s11069-016-22081.
Đồng, X. Đ., & Lê, C. C. (2014). Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của rủi ro cảm nhận đến lòng trung thành du khách: Trường hợp khách du lịch quốc tế đến du lịch biển tại Nha Trang. Tạp chí Kinh tế & Phát triển, 210, 62-72.
Floyd, M. F., Gibson, H., Pennington-Gray, L., & Thapa, B. (2004). The effect of risk perceptions on intentions to travel in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15 (2-3), 19-38.
Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2006). Tourist destination risk perception: The case of Israel. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 14(2), 83-108.
Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2011). An exploratory inquiry into destination risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies of first time vs. repeat visitors to a highly volatile destination. Tourism Management, 32(2), 266-276.
Fuchs, G., Efrat-Treister, D., & Westphal, M. (2011). When, where, and with whom during crisis: The effect of risk perceptions and psychological distance on travel intentions. Tourism Management, 100 (2024),104809.
Godovykh, M., Pizam, A., & Bahja, F. (2021). Antecedents and outcomes of health risk perceptions in tourism, following the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2020-0257.
Hasan, K., Ismail, A. R., & Islam, F. (2017). Tourist risk perceptions and revisit intention: A critical review of literature. Cogent Business & Management, 4(1), 1412874.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th Ed.). New York: Pearson.
Harun, A., Obong, A., Kassim, A. W. M., & Lily, J. (2018). The effects of destination image and perceived risk on revisit intention: A study in the south eastern coast of Sabah, Malaysia. e-Review f Tourism Research, 15(6), 540-559.
Kaushik, A. K., & Chakrabarti, D. (2018). Does perceived travel risk influence tourist’s revisit intention?. International Journal of Business Excellence, 15(3), 352-371.
Khan, M. J., Chelliah, S., & Ahmed, S. (2017). Factors influencing destination image and visit intention among young women travellers: role of travel motivation, perceived risks, and travel constraints. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(11), 1139-1155.
Khasawneh, M. S., & Alfandi, A. M. (2019). Determining behaviour intentions from the overall destination image and risk perception. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 25(2), 355-375.
Korstanje, M. (2009). Re-visiting risk perception theory in the context of travel. e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), Vol. 7, No. 4.
Lehto, X., Douglas, A. C., & Park, J. (2008). Mediating the effects of natural disasters on travel intention. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 23(2-4), 29-43.
Li, F., Wen, J., & Ying, T. (2018). The influence of crisis on tourists’ perceived destination image and revisit intention: An exploratory study of Chinese tourists to North Korea. Journal of destination marketing & management, 9, 104-111.
Liu, T. M., Brock, J. L., Shi, C. G., Chu, R., & Tseng, T. (2013). Perceived benefits, perceived risk, and trust. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 25(2), 225-248. doi:10.1108/13555851311314031.
Mai, V. N. (2008). Giáo trình kinh tế lượng. NXB Thống kê.
Mizrachi, I., & Fuchs, G. (2016). Should we cancel? An examination of risk handling in travel social media before visiting ebola-free destinations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 28, 59-65.
Moutinho, L. (1987). Consumer Behavior in Tourism. European Journal of Marketing, 21(10):6-11.
Mohseni, S., Jayashree, S., Rezaei, S., Kasim, A., & Okumus, F. (2018). Attracting tourists to travel companies’ websites: the structural relationship between website brand, personal value, shopping experience, perceived risk and purchase intention, Current Issues in Tourism, 21:6, 616-645, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2016.1200539.
Nazneen, S., Hong, X., & Ud Din, N. (2020). COVID-19 crises and tourist travel risk perceptions. Available at SSRN 3592321.
Nazneen, S., Xu, H., Din, N. U., & Karim, R. (2021). Perceived COVID-19 impacts and travel avoidance: Application of protection motivation theory. Tourism Review, 77(2), 471-483.
Neuburger, L., & Egger, R. (2021). Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: A case study of the DACH region. Current issues in tourism, 24(7), 1003-1016.
Nghi, L. Q., Lài, N. T., & Bằng, N. V. (2021). Tác động của rủi ro cảm nhận đến ý định quay lại điểm du lịch của du khách: Trường hợp nghiên cứu tại Bình Thuận. Tạp chí Phát triển Khoa học và Công nghệ – Kinh tế - Luật và Quản lý, 5(1):1233-1241.
Nhan, N. T. (2023). Factors impact to domestic tourists’ revisit intention: The case of Vung Tau beach. Journal of Finance – Marketing; Vol. 14, Issue 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52932/jfm.vi2.
Novelli, M., Burgess, L. G., Jones, A., & Ritchie, B. W. (2018). ‘No Ebola… still doomed’–The Ebola-induced tourism crisis. Annals of Tourism Research, 70, 76-87.
Quintal, V. A., & Polczynski, A. (2010). Factors influencing tourists’ revisit intentions. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 22(4), 554-578. doi:10.1108/13555851011090565.
Rather, R. A. (2021). Demystifying the effects of perceived risk and fear on customer engagement, co-creation and revisit intention during COVID-19: A protection motivation theory approach. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 20, 100564. doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100564.
Reichel, A., Fuchs, G., & Uriely, N. (2007). Perceived Risk and the Non-Institutionalized Tourist Role: The Case of Israeli Student Ex-Backpackers. Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), 217-226.
Rittichainuwat, B. N., & Chakraborty, G. (2009). Perceived travel risks regarding terrorism and disease: The case of Thailand. Tourism Management, 30(3),410-418.
Rittichainuwat, B., Nelson, R., & Rahmafitria, F. (2018). Applying the perceived probability of risk and bias toward optimism: Implications for travel decisions in the face of natural disasters. Tourism Management, 66, 221-232.
Roehl, W. S. & Fesenmaier, D. R. (1992). Risk Perception and Pleasure Travel: An Exploratory Analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 30, 17-26.
Rooij, P. D., Liempt, A. V., & Bendegom, C. V. (2022). Should we stay, or should we go? The influence of risk perceptions on revisit intentions to cultural heritage during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 17:4, 431-447, DOI: 10.1080/1743873X.2022.2061355.
Senbeto, D. L., & Hon, A. H. (2020). The impacts of social and economic crises on tourist behaviour and expenditure: an evolutionary approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(6), 740-755.
Sohn, H. K., Lee, T. J., & Yoon, Y. S. (2016). Relationship between perceived risk, evaluation, satisfaction, and behavioral intention: A case of local-festival visitors. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(1), 28-45.
Sönmez, S., & Graefe, A. (1998a). Influence of Terrorism Risk on Foreign Tourism Decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 112-144.
Sönmez, S. V., & Graefe, A. R. (1998b). Determining Future Travel Behavior from Past Travel Experience and Perceptions of Risk and Safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37, 171-177.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using Multivariate Statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
Tavitiyaman, P., & Qu, H. (2013). Destination image and behavior intention of travelers to Thailand: The moderating effect of perceived risk. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(3), 169-185.
Tsaur, S. H., Tzeng, G. H., & Wang, K. C. (1997). Evaluating Tourist Risks From Fuzzy Perspectives. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(4), 796-812.
Tuấn, L. T., Vinh., Đ. T. T., & Công, L. C. (2015). Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của cảm nhận rủi ro ẩm thực và chuẩn mực xã hội đối với sự lựa chọn của du khách quốc tế tại thành phố Nha Trang. Tạp chí Khoa học–Công nghệ Thủy sản, 3, 158-163.
Xie, C., Zhang, J., Chen, Y., & Morrison, A. M. (2023). The effect of hotel employee resilience during COVID-19: The moderation role of perceived risk and challenge stressors. Tourism Management Perspectives, 46, 101087.
Zhan, L., Zeng, X, Morrison, A. M., Liang, H., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2020). A risk perception scale for travel to a crisis epicenter: Visiting Wuhan after Covid-19. Current Issues in Tourism, https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1857712.
Zhang, H., Xu, F., Leung, H. H., & Cai, L. A. (2015). The Influence of Destination-Country Image on Prospective Tourists’ Visit Intention: Testing Three Competing Models. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(7), 811-835.
Zhang, S., Sun, T., & Lu, Y. (2023). The COVID-19 Pandemic and Tourists’ Risk Perceptions: Tourism Policies’ Mediating Role in Sustainable and Resilient Recovery in the New Normal. Sustainability, 15, 1323.https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021323.
Zhu, H., & Deng, F. (2020). How to Influence Rural Tourism Intention by Risk Knowledge during COVID-19 Containment in China: Mediating Role of Risk Perception and Attitude. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3514. doi:10.3390/ijerph17103514.
Artuğer, S. (2015). The effect of risk perceptions on tourists’ revisit intentions. European Journal of usiness and Management, 7(2), 36-43.
Bằng, N. V., & Văn, L. B. (2020). Tác động của rủi ro cảm nhận đến sự hài lòng và ý định quay trở lại điểm đến Lâm Đồng của khách du lịch. Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Kinh tế và Kinh doanh Châu Á, Số 12 (2020), 44-65.
Bauer, R. A. (1960). Consumer behavior as risk taking. In Cox, D. (Ed.), Risk taking andinformation handling in consumer behavior (pp. 389-398). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Casidy, R., & Wymer, W. (2016). A risk worth taking: Perceived risk as moderator of satisfaction, loyalty, and willingness-to-pay premium price. Journal of retailing and consumer services, 32, 189-197.
Chahal, H., & Devi, A. (2017). How perceived risk influences image and loyalty relationship in a tourist destination? An Indian perspective. International Journal of Leisure and Tourism Marketing, 5(2), 100-127.
Chew, E. Y. T., & Jahari, S. A. (2014). Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: A case of post-disaster Japan. Tourism Management, 40, 382-393. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.00810.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.008.
Çetinsöz, B. C., & Ege, Z. (2013). Impacts of perceived risks on tourists' revisit intentions. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 24:2, 173-187, DOI: 10.1080/13032917.2012.743921.
Công, L. C. (2017). Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của rủi ro cảm nhận đến thái độ và ý định sử dụng dịch vụ tour bốn đảo của du khách quốc tế tại Nha Trang. Tạp chí Phát triển Kinh tế, 28(2), 86-104.
Cui, F., Liu, Y., Chang, Y., Duan, J., & Li, J. (2016). An overview of tourism risk perception. Nat Hazards (2016) 82:643-658. DOI 10.1007/s11069-016-22081.
Đồng, X. Đ., & Lê, C. C. (2014). Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của rủi ro cảm nhận đến lòng trung thành du khách: Trường hợp khách du lịch quốc tế đến du lịch biển tại Nha Trang. Tạp chí Kinh tế & Phát triển, 210, 62-72.
Floyd, M. F., Gibson, H., Pennington-Gray, L., & Thapa, B. (2004). The effect of risk perceptions on intentions to travel in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15 (2-3), 19-38.
Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2006). Tourist destination risk perception: The case of Israel. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 14(2), 83-108.
Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2011). An exploratory inquiry into destination risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies of first time vs. repeat visitors to a highly volatile destination. Tourism Management, 32(2), 266-276.
Fuchs, G., Efrat-Treister, D., & Westphal, M. (2011). When, where, and with whom during crisis: The effect of risk perceptions and psychological distance on travel intentions. Tourism Management, 100 (2024),104809.
Godovykh, M., Pizam, A., & Bahja, F. (2021). Antecedents and outcomes of health risk perceptions in tourism, following the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2020-0257.
Hasan, K., Ismail, A. R., & Islam, F. (2017). Tourist risk perceptions and revisit intention: A critical review of literature. Cogent Business & Management, 4(1), 1412874.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th Ed.). New York: Pearson.
Harun, A., Obong, A., Kassim, A. W. M., & Lily, J. (2018). The effects of destination image and perceived risk on revisit intention: A study in the south eastern coast of Sabah, Malaysia. e-Review f Tourism Research, 15(6), 540-559.
Kaushik, A. K., & Chakrabarti, D. (2018). Does perceived travel risk influence tourist’s revisit intention?. International Journal of Business Excellence, 15(3), 352-371.
Khan, M. J., Chelliah, S., & Ahmed, S. (2017). Factors influencing destination image and visit intention among young women travellers: role of travel motivation, perceived risks, and travel constraints. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(11), 1139-1155.
Khasawneh, M. S., & Alfandi, A. M. (2019). Determining behaviour intentions from the overall destination image and risk perception. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 25(2), 355-375.
Korstanje, M. (2009). Re-visiting risk perception theory in the context of travel. e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), Vol. 7, No. 4.
Lehto, X., Douglas, A. C., & Park, J. (2008). Mediating the effects of natural disasters on travel intention. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 23(2-4), 29-43.
Li, F., Wen, J., & Ying, T. (2018). The influence of crisis on tourists’ perceived destination image and revisit intention: An exploratory study of Chinese tourists to North Korea. Journal of destination marketing & management, 9, 104-111.
Liu, T. M., Brock, J. L., Shi, C. G., Chu, R., & Tseng, T. (2013). Perceived benefits, perceived risk, and trust. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 25(2), 225-248. doi:10.1108/13555851311314031.
Mai, V. N. (2008). Giáo trình kinh tế lượng. NXB Thống kê.
Mizrachi, I., & Fuchs, G. (2016). Should we cancel? An examination of risk handling in travel social media before visiting ebola-free destinations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 28, 59-65.
Moutinho, L. (1987). Consumer Behavior in Tourism. European Journal of Marketing, 21(10):6-11.
Mohseni, S., Jayashree, S., Rezaei, S., Kasim, A., & Okumus, F. (2018). Attracting tourists to travel companies’ websites: the structural relationship between website brand, personal value, shopping experience, perceived risk and purchase intention, Current Issues in Tourism, 21:6, 616-645, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2016.1200539.
Nazneen, S., Hong, X., & Ud Din, N. (2020). COVID-19 crises and tourist travel risk perceptions. Available at SSRN 3592321.
Nazneen, S., Xu, H., Din, N. U., & Karim, R. (2021). Perceived COVID-19 impacts and travel avoidance: Application of protection motivation theory. Tourism Review, 77(2), 471-483.
Neuburger, L., & Egger, R. (2021). Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: A case study of the DACH region. Current issues in tourism, 24(7), 1003-1016.
Nghi, L. Q., Lài, N. T., & Bằng, N. V. (2021). Tác động của rủi ro cảm nhận đến ý định quay lại điểm du lịch của du khách: Trường hợp nghiên cứu tại Bình Thuận. Tạp chí Phát triển Khoa học và Công nghệ – Kinh tế - Luật và Quản lý, 5(1):1233-1241.
Nhan, N. T. (2023). Factors impact to domestic tourists’ revisit intention: The case of Vung Tau beach. Journal of Finance – Marketing; Vol. 14, Issue 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52932/jfm.vi2.
Novelli, M., Burgess, L. G., Jones, A., & Ritchie, B. W. (2018). ‘No Ebola… still doomed’–The Ebola-induced tourism crisis. Annals of Tourism Research, 70, 76-87.
Quintal, V. A., & Polczynski, A. (2010). Factors influencing tourists’ revisit intentions. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 22(4), 554-578. doi:10.1108/13555851011090565.
Rather, R. A. (2021). Demystifying the effects of perceived risk and fear on customer engagement, co-creation and revisit intention during COVID-19: A protection motivation theory approach. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 20, 100564. doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100564.
Reichel, A., Fuchs, G., & Uriely, N. (2007). Perceived Risk and the Non-Institutionalized Tourist Role: The Case of Israeli Student Ex-Backpackers. Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), 217-226.
Rittichainuwat, B. N., & Chakraborty, G. (2009). Perceived travel risks regarding terrorism and disease: The case of Thailand. Tourism Management, 30(3),410-418.
Rittichainuwat, B., Nelson, R., & Rahmafitria, F. (2018). Applying the perceived probability of risk and bias toward optimism: Implications for travel decisions in the face of natural disasters. Tourism Management, 66, 221-232.
Roehl, W. S. & Fesenmaier, D. R. (1992). Risk Perception and Pleasure Travel: An Exploratory Analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 30, 17-26.
Rooij, P. D., Liempt, A. V., & Bendegom, C. V. (2022). Should we stay, or should we go? The influence of risk perceptions on revisit intentions to cultural heritage during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 17:4, 431-447, DOI: 10.1080/1743873X.2022.2061355.
Senbeto, D. L., & Hon, A. H. (2020). The impacts of social and economic crises on tourist behaviour and expenditure: an evolutionary approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(6), 740-755.
Sohn, H. K., Lee, T. J., & Yoon, Y. S. (2016). Relationship between perceived risk, evaluation, satisfaction, and behavioral intention: A case of local-festival visitors. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(1), 28-45.
Sönmez, S., & Graefe, A. (1998a). Influence of Terrorism Risk on Foreign Tourism Decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 112-144.
Sönmez, S. V., & Graefe, A. R. (1998b). Determining Future Travel Behavior from Past Travel Experience and Perceptions of Risk and Safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37, 171-177.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using Multivariate Statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
Tavitiyaman, P., & Qu, H. (2013). Destination image and behavior intention of travelers to Thailand: The moderating effect of perceived risk. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(3), 169-185.
Tsaur, S. H., Tzeng, G. H., & Wang, K. C. (1997). Evaluating Tourist Risks From Fuzzy Perspectives. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(4), 796-812.
Tuấn, L. T., Vinh., Đ. T. T., & Công, L. C. (2015). Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của cảm nhận rủi ro ẩm thực và chuẩn mực xã hội đối với sự lựa chọn của du khách quốc tế tại thành phố Nha Trang. Tạp chí Khoa học–Công nghệ Thủy sản, 3, 158-163.
Xie, C., Zhang, J., Chen, Y., & Morrison, A. M. (2023). The effect of hotel employee resilience during COVID-19: The moderation role of perceived risk and challenge stressors. Tourism Management Perspectives, 46, 101087.
Zhan, L., Zeng, X, Morrison, A. M., Liang, H., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2020). A risk perception scale for travel to a crisis epicenter: Visiting Wuhan after Covid-19. Current Issues in Tourism, https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1857712.
Zhang, H., Xu, F., Leung, H. H., & Cai, L. A. (2015). The Influence of Destination-Country Image on Prospective Tourists’ Visit Intention: Testing Three Competing Models. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(7), 811-835.
Zhang, S., Sun, T., & Lu, Y. (2023). The COVID-19 Pandemic and Tourists’ Risk Perceptions: Tourism Policies’ Mediating Role in Sustainable and Resilient Recovery in the New Normal. Sustainability, 15, 1323.https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021323.
Zhu, H., & Deng, F. (2020). How to Influence Rural Tourism Intention by Risk Knowledge during COVID-19 Containment in China: Mediating Role of Risk Perception and Attitude. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3514. doi:10.3390/ijerph17103514.
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