Effect of stocking density on growth and survival of Thai frogs (Rana tigerina) reared under antibiotic-free protocol
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study “Effect of stocking density on growth and survival of Thai frogs (Rana tigerina) reared under antibiotic-free protocol” was conducted over a period of 60 days. The objective of the study was to determine the appropriate stocking density of Rana tigerina to increase production per unit area without affecting growth, survival rate and feed efficiency of frogs. Frog with initial body weight of 8,0 g/frog were raised in a cement tank with an area of 2m2 with 4 densities of 80, 100, 120 and 140 frog/m2. Frog were fed twice a day at adlibitum rate with 30% protein pellet. No antibiotics were used during the experiment. Regularly supplement the biological product (Bacillus sp.) into the feed once a week to enhance the frogs' immunity, using a dosage of 3 g/kg of feed. During the experiment, any frog showing signs of illness will be isolated from the breeding tank. Research results showed that frogs raised using antibiotic-free processes at a stocking density of 100 frogs/m2 gave the best results in terms of growth, survival rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and profitability. After 60 days of rearing, the average weight of the frogs was 155.6±6.42 g/frog, FCR was 1.14±0.02, the survival rate was 88.3±1.45% and the profit was 138,697 VND/m2.
Keywords
antibiotic-free, density, Rana tigerina
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
Aksungur, N., Aksungur, M., Akbulut, B. & Kutlu, I. (2007). Effects of Stocking Density on Growth Performance, Survival and Food Conversion Ratio of Turbot (Psetta maxima) in the Net Cages on the Southeastern Coast of the Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 7, 147-152.
Aly, S.M., Abdel-Galil Ahmed, Y., Abdel-Aziz Ghareeb, A., Mohamed, M.F. (2008). Studies on Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus acidophilus, as potential probiotics, on the immune response and resistance of Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) to challenge infections. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 25(1-2), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2008.03.013
Ambrosio, P.P., Costa, C., Sanchez, P. & Flos, R. (2008). Stocking density and its influence on shape of Senegalese sole adults. Aquaculture International, 16, 333 – 343.
APHA (American Public Health Association), AWWA (American Water Works Association) & WEF (Water Environment Federation). (1995). Standard method for the examination of water and wastewater, 19th ed. Washington DC: Amer Public Health Assn.
Boujard, T., Labbé, L. and Aupérin, B (2002). Feeding behaviour, energy expenditure
and growth of rainbow trout in relation to stocking density and food accessibility.
Aquaculture Research, 33, 1233-1242. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00755.x
Boyd, C.E. (1998) Water Quality for pond Aquaculture. Alabama: Reasearch and Development serie No. 43.
Cao C. T., Huỳnh., K.H. và Nguyễn, V. K. (2020). Phân tích khía cạnh kĩ thuật và hiệu quả tài chính mô hình nuôi ếch thái lan (Rana tigerina) tại tỉnh Trà Vinh. Tạp chí khoa học trường đại học Trà Vinh, 41, 97-103. https://doi.org/10.35382/18594816.1.41.2020.648
Celeda, J.D., Aguilera, A. & Carral, J.M. (2007). Effects of stocking density on survival and growth of juvenile tench (Tinca tinca L.). Aquaculture International, 15, 461-465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-007-9111-4
Cerezuela, R., Guardiola, F.A., Meseguer, J., Esteban, M.Á. (2012). Increases in immune parameters by inulin and Bacillus subtilis dietary administration to gilthead seab ream (Sparus aurata L.) did not correlate with disease resistance to Photobacterium damselae. Fish & Shellfish Immunol, 32(6), 1032–1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2012.02.025
Cha, J.H., Rahimnejad, S., Yang, S.Y., Kim, K.W., Lee, K.J. (2013). Evaluations of Bacillus spp. as dietary additives on growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) against streptococcus iniae and as water additives. Aquaculture, 402–403, 50-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.03.030
Das, A., Nakhro, K., Chowdhury, S., Kamilya, D. (2013). Effects of potential probiotic Bacillus amyloliquifaciens FPTB16 on systemic and cutaneous mucosal immune responses and disease resistance of catla (Catla catla). Fish & Shellfish Immunol, 35, 1547–1553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2013.08.022
Doan. X. D., Huynh. K. H., Cao. C. T. and Ho, K. N. (2022). The effects of different stocking densities and feed types on frogs' growth and survival rates (Rana tigerina Dubois, 1981) reared in composite tanks. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh,74, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.46989/001c.36240
Eissa, A.E, Zaki, M.M., Aziz, A.A. (2010). Flavobacterium columnare/Myxobolus tilapiae concurrent infection in the earthen pond reared Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during the Early Summer. Interdisciplinary Bio Centtral, 2, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4051/ibc.2010.2.2.0005
Engle, C.R. & Valderrama, D. (2001). Effect of stocking density on production
characteristics, costs, and risk of producing fingerlings channel catfish. North
American Journal of Aquaculture, 63(3), 201-207. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8454(2001)063<0201:EOSDOP>2.0.CO;2
Gao, J., Gao, D., Liu, H., Cai, J., Zhang, J., Qi, Z. (2018). Biopotentiality of high efficient aerobic denitrifier Bacillus megaterium S379 for intensive aquaculture water quality management. Journal of Environmental Management, 222, 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.073
Hura, M.U.D., Zafar, T., Borana, K., Prasad, J.R., Iqbal, J. (2018). Effect of commercial probiotic Bacillus megaterium on water quality in composite culture of major carps. International Journal of Current Agriculture Science, 8, 268–273.
Kavitha, M., Raja, M., Perumal, P. (2018). Evaluation of probiotic potential of Bacillus spp. isolated from the digestive tract of freshwater fish Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822). Aquacuture Reports, 11, 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2018.07.001.
Kuebutornye, F.K.A, Abarikea, E.D., Lua Y. (2019). A review on the application of Bacillus as probiotics in Aquaculture. Fish and shellfish immunology, 87, 820–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.010
Le, D. K., Dang, T. A. T. & Pham. Q. N. (2022). Production techniques and environmental management in Frog farming in Dong Thap province. Dong Thap University Journal of science, 12(5), 71 -77. https://doi.org/10.52714/dthu.12.5.2023.1074
Lê, Q. P. (2022). Ảnh hưởng của phương pháp cho ăn gián đoạn đến tăng trưởng và tỉ lệ sống của ếch Thái Lan (Rana tigerina) giai đoạn nuôi thương phẩm. Tạp chí khoa học và nông nghiệp Huế, 6(1), 2762 – 2768.
Lê, T. H. (2005). So sánh sự sinh sản và khả năng nuôi thâm canh của ếch đồng Việt Nam (Rana rugulosa) và ếch Thái Lan (Rana tigrina) (Tuyển tập hội thảo toàn quốc về nghiên cứu và ứng dụng khoa học công nghệ trong nuôi trồng thủy sản). Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Việt Nam: Nhà xuất bản Nông Nghiệp TPHCM.
Martínez Cruz, P., Ibáñez, A.L., Monroy Hermosillo, O.A., Ramírez Saad, H.C. (2012). Use of probiotics in aquaculture. ISRN Microbiology, 2012(1), 1–13. doi: 10.5402/2012/916845
Mohapatra, S., Chakraborty, T., Prusty, A.K., Das, P., Paniprasad, K., Mohanta, K.N. (2012). Use of different microbial probiotics in the diet of rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings: effects on growth, nutrient digestibility and retention, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microflora. Aquaculture Nutrition, 18(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2011.00866.x
Newaj-Fyzul, A., Adesiyun, A.A., Mutani, A., Ramsubhag, A., Brunt, J., Austin, B. (2007). Bacillus subtilis AB1 controls Aeromonas infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum). Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103, 1699–1706. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03402.x
Newaj-Fyzul, A., Al-Harbi, A.H., Austin, B. (2014). Review: developments in the use of probiotics for disease control in aquaculture. Aquaculture, 431, 1–11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.08.026.
Nimrat, S., Suksawat, S., Boonthai, T., Vuthiphandchai, V. (2012). Potential Bacillus probiotics enhance bacterial numbers, water quality and growth during early development of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Veterinary Microbiology, 159(3-4), 443–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.04.029.
Nguyen, Q. T. & Tran, M. P. (2021). Drugs and chemicals use in frog farming in Dong Thap province. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 13 (Special issue on Aquaculture and Fisheries), 73 – 78. https://doi.org/10.22144/ctu.jen.2021.019
Nguyễn, C. T. (2018). Ảnh hưởng của độ mặn lên tăng trưởng và tỉ lệ sống của ếch Thái Lan (Rana tigeriana) giai đoạn nuôi thương phẩm. Tạp chí khoa học Trường Đại học Cần Thơ, 54(CĐ Thủy sản), 93 – 98. https://doi.org/10.22144/ctu.jsi.2018.014
Nguyễn, C.T và Nguyễn, D.B.D (2020). Hiện trạng dịch bệnh trên ếch Thái Lan (Rana tigerina) nuôi tại tỉnh Tiền Giang và Đồng Tháp. Tạp chí khoa học Trường Đại học Đồng Tháp, 3, 109 – 116. https://doi.org/10.52714/dthu.9.3.2020.798
Nguyễn, T. H. K (2014). Khảo sát tình hình nuôi ếch Thái lan trong bể lót bạt quy mô hộ gia đình tại Cần Thơ. Luận văn Thạc Sỹ trường ĐH Cần Thơ, Việt Nam.
Nguyễn, T. T. (2019). Bài giảng Kỹ thuật nuôi cá cảnh và thủy đặc sản. Đồng Tháp, Việt Nam: Trường Đại học Đồng Tháp.
Nguyễn, V. K & Bùi, M. T. (2004). Giáo trình kỹ thuật nuôi thủy đặc sản. Cần Thơ, Việt Nam: Đại học Cần Thơ.
Qiao, Z., Sun, R., Wu, Y., Hu, S.,Liu, X., Chan, J., Mi, X. (2020). Characteristics and metabolic pathway of the bacteria for heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification in aquatic ecosystems. Environmental Research, 191, 110069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110069
Rahman, M.A., Mazid, M.A., Rahman, M.R., Khan, M.N., Hossain, M.A. &
Hussain, M.G. (2005). Effect of stocking density on survival and growth of
critically endangered mashseer, Tor putitora (Hamilton), in nursery ponds.
Aquaculture, 249, 275-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.04.040
Ramesh, D., Souissi, S. (2018). Effects of potential probiotic Bacillus subtilis KADR1 and its subcellular components on immune responses and disease resistance in Labeo rohita. Aquaculture Research, 49 (1), 367–377, https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13467.
Soltani, M., Ghosh, K., Hoseinifar, S.H., Kumar, V., Lymbery, A.J., Roy, S., Ringø, E. (2019). Genus Bacillus, promising probiotics in aquaculture: aquatic animal origin, bio-active components, bioremediation and efficacy in fish and shellfish. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 27, 331–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2019.1597010.
Tseng, D.-Y., Ho, P.-L., Huang, S.-Y., Cheng, S.-C., Shiu, Y.-L., Chiu, C.-S., Liu, C.-H. (2009). Enhancement of immunity and disease resistance in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, by the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20. Fish & Shellfish Immunolohy, 26(2), 339–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2008.12.003.
Tran, N.T., Pham, M.D, Hatai, K. (2013). Overview of the use of probiotics in aquaculture. International Journal of Research in Fisheries and Aquaculture, 3(3), 89–97.
Yi, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhao, F., Liu, H., Yu, L., Zha, J., Wang, G. (2018). Probiotic potential of Bacillus velezensis JW: antimicrobial activity against fish pathogenic bacteria and immune enhancement effects on Carassius auratus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 78, 322–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.055.
Zokaeifar, H., Babaei, N., Saad, C.R., Kamarudin, M.S., Sijam, K., Balcazar, J.L. (2014). Administration of Bacillus subtilis strains in the rearing water enhances the water quality, growth performance, immune response, and resistance against Vibrio harveyi infection in juvenile white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish & Shellfish Immunolohy, 36(1), 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2013.10.007.
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- TS. Thi Hong Nho Nguyen, PGS.TS Thanh Liêm Phạm, Evaluation of the effectiveness of bighead catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) in recirculation system combined with waste treatment , Dong Thap University Journal of Science: Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025): Natural Sciences Issue (Vietnamese)
- Thi Hong Nho Nguyen, Water quality variation in the catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) rearing recirculation system , Dong Thap University Journal of Science: No. 21 (2016): Part B - Natural Sciences
- Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen, Thi Thanh Nguyen, Huynh Hong Vu Ha, Dat Huy Tran, Danh Duc Ha, Butachlor degradation by Pseudomonas sp. But1 and Pseudomonas sp. But2 immobilized in polyurethane foam (PUF) , Dong Thap University Journal of Science: Vol. 11 No. 5 (2022): Natural Sciences Issue (English)
- Assoc. Prof. Dr. Danh Duc Ha, Thi Thanh Chung Nguyen, Quang Dang Tran, Thi Cam Tu Tran, Dat Huy Tran, Bioaugmentation with bacterial strains for enhanced degradation of acetochlor and bensulfuron-methyl in contaminated water and soil , Dong Thap University Journal of Science: Vol. 14 No. 5 (2025): Natural Sciences Issue (English)
- Thi Hong Nho Nguyen, The armed forces and people of Hong Ngu in the defense of the Southwestern border (1977–1978) , Dong Thap University Journal of Science: Vol. 14 No. 06S (2025): Special Issue of Social Sciences and Humanities (Vietnamese)